Endangered Mangroves in the Philippines fighting against Extinction
- Mangrove Matters PH
- 1 day ago
- 4 min read
Updated: 15 minutes ago
Written by: Adrian "Jace" Lepiten, Science Communication Vice Lead
The Philippines is renowned as a global hotspot for mangrove diversity, showcasing an impressive array of around 40 distinct species of true mangroves that thrive throughout its sprawling archipelago. These lush coastal forests play a vital ecological role, providing habitat for numerous marine and terrestrial species. However, the extent of mangrove cover has experienced significant fluctuations over the years, driven by factors such as deforestation, the conversion of land for aquaculture, and recent reclamation projects that encroach on these ecosystems.
Hitting a heavy and loaded single question, will this country experience its first extinction? To shed light on this frightening inquiry, Mangrove Matters Philippines (MMPH) will highlight the list of critically endangered to vulnerable mangroves.
List of endangered true mangroves
1. Kandelia candel: Classified as Critically Endangered (CR) in local DENR lists.
Photo of Kandelia candel by Vengolis, via Wikimedia Commons, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
Kandelia candel, known locally as tangal, is an extremely rare mangrove species in the Philippines, found only in two specific sites within the Aurora Province. These small, slender trees typically grow 3 to 5 meters tall on soft mud substrates and are characterized by smooth brown bark and low buttress roots (Primavera et al, 2004).
This mangrove species is a true definition of mystery as its origin remains a subject of debate, with early theories suggesting it was introduced by Taiwanese fishermen rather than being a native population. However, more recent research supports a natural arrival, proposing that sea currents carry propagules from the Indian Ocean through the Bashi Strait and into the Pacific during the summer months. This suggests that the Philippine trees are "founder" populations from the southern South China Sea, though a lack of modern studies beyond a 2006 assessment in Aurora means much about their local status remains unknown.
It’s sad to say that this species is now a dying breed, as DENR reported that “tangal” is critically endangered.
2. Camptostemon philippinense (Gapas-gapas): Listed as Endangered (EN) by the IUCN and DENR.
Photo of Camptostemon philippinense by Abu Hamas, via Wikimedia Commons, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
The Philippines is a remarkable hub of mangrove diversity, featuring a variety of species that thrive along its coasts, from flowing rivers to high-salinity areas. Second on the list of mangroves in the country is the Camptostemon philippinense, commonly known as Gapas-gapas. This medium-sized mangrove tree is easily identified by its unique gnarled roots and thick leaves, which are dotted with fine scales.
What sets this species apart is its distinctive capsule-shaped fruits, which contain seeds wrapped in soft, white threads. These threads often fall to the ground, creating a beautiful, cotton-like carpet (Primavera et al, 2004).
Sadly, as highlighted by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Gapas-gapas is classified as an endangered species, emphasizing the need for conservation efforts to protect this remarkable tree.
READ MORE ABOUT MANGROVE MATTERS PHILIPPINES: MMPH’s Statement on the Mangrove Degradation Case in Cebu City Brought by DPWH’s Flood-Mitigation Project
3. Pemphis acidula (Bantigi): Identified as Endangered (EN) by the DENR.
Photo of Pemphis acidula in Del Carmen, Siargao Island (C.B. Moran)
Pemphis acidula, commonly known as Bantigi. This plant is quite a hardy shrub or small tree, typically growing to heights of 3 to 5 meters along high-tide lines, where you’ll find it nestled among coralline, rocky, and sandy shores. One of its standout features is its incredibly hard wood, along with irregular branches and small white flowers, which have made it a favorite among bonsai enthusiasts.
Now, you might be wondering why Bantigi is considered controversial. Back in the 1990s, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources took action by confiscating specimens that had been illegally harvested from Antique (Primavera et al, 2004). Beyond issues of smuggling, Bantigi’s numbers are also declining due to its use in house and fence construction.
4. Avicennia rumphiana: Listed as Vulnerable (VU).
Photo of Avicennia rhumphiana by the Botany and National Herbarium Division, National Museum of the Philippines, via Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines (2024 onwards). Source: https://www.philippineplants.org/Families/Acanthaceae.html
One species that raises significant concern is Avicennia rumphiana, commonly referred to as api-api or miapi. This medium to large mangrove tree can grow up to 20 meters tall and is easily recognized by its upright branches and the brownish, woolly undersides of its leaves. It typically thrives in firm mud found in middle to high intertidal zones and is supported by pencil-like pneumatophores that extend from the substrate.
As noted by IUCN (2008) and DENR (2017), Avicennia rumphiana is classified as a vulnerable species due to its patchy distribution, and it grows in the upper part of the intertidal zone, where it is most vulnerable to human activities and habitat destruction.
To restoring mangroves with you!
As we face the alarming decline of our mangrove ecosystems, it's crucial that we take immediate action to protect these endangered species. The rich biodiversity found within the mangroves of the Philippines is not only vital for our environment but also for the livelihoods of countless communities that depend on them. Together, we can make a difference—whether it’s through advocacy, education, or participating in local conservation efforts.
Support Mangrove Matters Philippines as we strive to raise awareness and implement protection measures for these incredible trees. Spread the word about the importance of mangroves and encourage your community to get involved.
Partner with us!
Every small action can contribute to restoring and preserving these essential ecosystems for future generations. Let’s unite our efforts to safeguard our mangroves—because their survival is intertwined with the health of our planet. Join us today and be a part of the change!
Comments